葡萄糖胺

葡萄糖胺sulphate and glucosamine hydrochloride are nutritional supplements. Animal studies have found that glucosamine can both delay the breakdown of and repair damaged cartilage. The results for the use of glucosamine for骨关节炎混合，效果的大小适中。有证据表明，最近的试验和使用高质量方法的试验不太可能表现出好处。关于盐酸葡萄糖胺的试验的证据是稀缺的，并不令人信服。

• Family:Nutritional supplement
• 科学名称：葡萄糖胺sulphate, glucosamine hydrochloride
• Other names:GS、氨基单糖、硫酸单糖,chitosamine, D-glucosamine

葡萄糖胺是由贝类制成或在实验室制备的氨基糖。它有两种形式：硫酸葡萄糖胺和盐酸葡萄糖胺。您可以从高街零售商那里购买两者。

葡萄糖胺is found naturally in your body. It plays an important role in making glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins, which are essential building blocks of many parts of your joints, including ligaments, tendons, cartilage and synovial fluid. It’s been suggested that the way these parts of your joint are built and maintained contributes to the development and the progression of osteoarthritis.

Animal studies have found that giving glucosamine can delay the breakdown of cartilage as well as rebuild it.

副作用通常是轻度且不常见的，包括：

• 胃部不适
• 便秘
• diarrhoea
• headaches
• 皮疹。

如果您对贝类过敏，则应确保选择无贝类的品种。

You should also be cautious about taking glucosamine if you have diabetes. Glucosamine might increase your blood sugar level and it may mean that you need to adjust your treatment to make sure it carried on working. There are several reports of interaction between glucosamine and anti-diabetic treatments. There are also some reports of possible interaction with chemotherapy drugs and drugs that lower blood cholesterol.

大多数试验每天服用3次服用500毫克硫酸葡萄糖胺或盐酸葡萄糖胺的标准剂量。

一项综述的18次试验，研究了硫酸葡萄糖胺在治疗骨关节炎治疗的有效性。自2007年以来发表的另一项四次试验评估了硫酸葡萄糖胺在治疗髋关节和膝关节骨关节炎方面的影响。第二篇评论文章将硫酸葡萄糖胺的临床效率和安全性与非甾体类抗炎药（NSAIDS）。

评论文章（2005）

The number of participants in the RCTs included in this article ranged from 30 to 319. The trials lasted from three weeks to three years.

• 在13个试验中，将硫酸葡萄糖胺与安慰剂进行了比较，发现硫酸葡萄糖胺在缓解疼痛方面明显好于安慰剂。
• In all 13 RCTs, the number and severity of side-effects reported by participants who were given glucosamine sulphate weren’t significantly different from those reported by participants who got the placebo.
• 五项试验发现，在改善与步行和其他日常活动相关的问题方面，硫酸葡萄糖明显好于安慰剂。
• 没有试验发现，与安慰剂相比，硫酸葡萄糖硫酸盐在改善所有与骨关节炎相关的主要症状（疼痛，残疾和关节僵硬）方面具有显着有效性。
• Trials that used one company’s (Rotta Pharm) supplement showed a positive effect for pain and function while those that used other brands didn’t.
• 使用最佳方法来确保参与者不知道他们得到的治疗方法的试验不会显示出明显的疼痛效果，并且在接受硫酸葡萄糖胺的患者中的身体功能得到改善。

试验1

The first trial involved 222 people over two years. The supplement didn’t show any beneficial effects, compared to a placebo, in relieving pain and improving function.

试验2

In this six-month trial, which included 318 participants, glucosamine had a clear significant benefit over a placebo and an even stronger effect than paracetamol in improving both pain and function.

Trial 3‡

在这项研究中，有64名膝盖骨关节炎的参与者每天接受500毫克葡萄糖硫酸葡萄糖胺或每天用棕榈油制成的400 mg维生素E六个月。两组都在疼痛和功能方面有所改善，但它们之间没有差异。

试验4

60 participants with primary osteoarthritis in either one or both knees were randomised to receive a 1500 mg sachet of glucosamine sulphate or a placebo. After 12 weeks, there were no improvements in the placebo group but those who received glucosamine reported significant improvements in resting and moving pain, overall pain, stiffness and function. The improvements in these final three measures lasted for 20 weeks. In the treatment group, reported side-effects were heartburn and an all-over itch.

Review article

这篇评论文章总结了四个试验的结果：

• 三个试验中有两项试验发现，硫酸葡萄糖胺在减轻疼痛方面的有效性明显高得多，而第三次治疗的作用具有相似的作用。
• One trial out of two found that glucosamine sulphate was significantly better than NSAIDs in improving physical function, while the second trial found that both medications had similar effects.
• Three trials out of four found that the number and severity of side-effects reported by participants taking glucosamine sulphate were significantly less than those reported by participants who were given NSAIDs.

‡质量低的试验。当我们得出有关该化合物的结论时，该试验的结果的重量较低。

Two RCTs were conducted to evaluate the role of glucosamine hydrochloride in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. A review article also looked at its effects for hip and knee osteoarthritis.

试验1

第一次审判包括118人，持续了8周。随机选择参与者每天接受1,500 mg盐酸葡萄糖或安慰剂。

• 49% of participants in the treatment group reported that they were ‘better than at the start of the trial’, but 40% of the participants who got placebo capsules said the same, which suggests that glucosamine hydrochloride isn’t significantly better than a placebo in improving osteoarthritis-related symptoms.
• In addition, this trial found that glucosamine hydrochloride wasn’t significantly better than the placebo in reducing pain, stiffness and physical function.

试验2‡

In the second trial, 1,583 people with knee osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to receive one of the following treatments once a day for 24 weeks:

• 1,500 mg glucosamine hydrochloride
• 1,200 mg chondroitin sulphate
• both treatments
• 塞来昔布（a非甾体类抗炎药）
• 安慰剂胶囊。

The trial found the following results:

• Participants who received glucosamine hydrochloride or chondroitin sulphate didn’t report a significant improvement in pain, stiffness and physical function when compared to participants who were assigned the placebo.
• 与安慰剂相比，唯一可以在骨关节炎相关的症状显着改善的人群是被分配的塞来昔布，以及试验开始时中度至重度膝盖疼痛的人，并给予了葡萄糖胺盐酸/软骨素硫酸盐组合。。
• 治疗两年后，重新评估了662人。据报道，在疼痛和功能测量中，没有一种治疗方法比安慰剂更有改善。

在RCT中，盐酸葡萄糖胺的副作用仅是轻度且不常见的。

Review article (2010)

服用葡萄糖胺（或与软骨素的组合）并没有导致关节疼痛或改变关节的临床方面的临床有意义。

‡质量低的试验。当我们得出有关该化合物的结论时，该试验的结果的重量较低。