骨关节炎(OA) of the knee

什么是膝盖的骨关节炎?

骨关节炎(OS-TEE-O-ARTH-RI-TUS)是最常见的形式关节炎,膝盖是最常见的关节之一。

每个人的关节在一生中都经历了正常的损害和修复周期,但是有时身体修复关节的过程会导致其形状或结构变化。当这些变化发生在一个或多个关节中时,它被称为骨关节炎。

关节是两个或多个骨头相遇的身体的一部分 - 在您的膝盖中,是大腿和胫骨骨头。膝盖的前部也有一个小骨头,称为the骨或膝盖。

我们的骨头的末端被光滑湿滑的表面覆盖,称为软骨(Car-Ti-Lidge)。这使骨头可以互相交战而不会摩擦,并保护关节免受压力。

您的膝盖还具有另一种不同类型的软骨的环,称为半月板或半月板,它们有助于在您的膝盖关节上均匀地分享体重,并且在您的膝盖下面也有软骨。

骨关节炎会导致膝关节中的软骨变薄,并且关节的表面变得更粗糙,这意味着膝盖的移动不会正如应有的,并且可能会感到疼痛和僵硬。

骨关节炎会影响任何年龄的人,但在50岁以上的女性中更常见。

伤害或其他联合问题,例如痛风,,,,can make people more likely to get osteoarthritis. The genes we inherit from our parents can also increase the risk of the condition developing.

超重也与骨关节炎有关,因为这会造成承重关节(例如膝盖)的额外压力。

A healthy joint with no damage to the bone, cartilage or synovium. 受骨关节炎影响的关节将具有粗糙或薄的软骨,将关节固定在一起的胶囊可能会拉伸。

它将如何影响我?

If you have osteoarthritis of the knee, you will probably feel your knee is painful and stiff at times. It may only affect one knee, especially if you’ve injured it in the past, or you could have it in both. The pain may feel worse at the end of the day, or when you move your knee, and it may improve when you rest. You might have some stiffness in the morning, but this won’t usually last more than half an hour.

The pain can be felt all around your knee, or just in a certain place such as the front and sides. It might feel worse after moving your knee in a particular way, such as going up or down stairs.

Sometimes, people have pain that wakes them up in the night. You’ll probably find that the pain varies and that you have good and bad days.

您可能会发现自己无法轻松或正常移动膝盖,或者在移动时可能会吱吱作响或紧缩。

有时您的膝盖看起来可能肿胀。这可能是由两件事引起的:

  • 猛烈的肿胀:当关节边缘的骨头向外生长时,形成骨刺,称为骨植物(Os-tee-o-Fites)。
  • 软肿胀:当您的关节发炎并产生额外的液体时,有时被称为膝盖上的积液或水。

有时,膝盖的骨关节炎会导致大腿中的肌肉变弱,因此您的腿看起来更薄。这种弱点会使关节感觉不稳定,并在您放在体重上时会导致膝盖让步。

骨关节炎的作用会使人们感到沮丧或焦虑,并且会影响人际关系和睡眠。如果您有这样的问题,请向您的医生提及,因为他们可以做一些事情来提供帮助。

Are there any complications?

骨关节炎can develop over just a year or two, but more often it’s a slow process over many years that only causes fairly small changes in just part of the knee.

但是在某些情况下,软骨会变得如此薄,以至于不再覆盖骨头的末端。这使他们互相摩擦并最终磨损。

The loss of cartilage, the wearing of the bones, and the bony spurs can change the shape of the joint. This forces the bones out of their normal positions, making your knee feel unstable and painful.

有些患有骨关节炎的人发现膝盖后部出现了一个肿块。这称为面包师的囊肿或popliteal囊肿。

面包师的囊肿是在膝盖的背面充满液体肿胀的,当关节衬里的一部分通过关节胶囊中的小撕裂而膨胀时。然后,这可能导致关节液被困在凸起中。

它可以自行发生,但更有可能在已经受关节炎影响的膝盖中。面包师的囊肿并不总是会引起疼痛,但有时会破裂,因此液体会渗入您的小牛,从而导致小牛的剧烈疼痛,肿胀和发红。

膝盖上的骨关节炎可能会改变您走路或承担体重的方式,这可能会导致您在其他关节(例如臀部)中发展状况。

Managing osteoarthritis of the knee

无法治愈骨关节炎,但是您可以为自己做的事情可以改变这种状况如何影响您。还有一些可用的治疗方法可以大大减轻您的疼痛。

锻炼

需要定期锻炼关节以保持其健康。如果您的膝盖骨关节炎,请继续前进非常重要。无论您的健身水平如何exercise帮助膝盖能够再次应对正常的日常活动。

您需要在休息和运动之间找到适当的平衡 - 大多数人osteoarthritisfind that too much activity increases their pain while too little makes their joints stiffen up. Exercise can strengthen the muscles around your knee, improve your posture and help you to lose weight, all of which can reduce the symptoms and pain of osteoarthritis.

It’s important to carry on with your exercises even if you start to feel better, as stopping or reducing the amount of exercise you do could cause your symptoms to come back again. A物理治疗师可以为您提供最好的练习建议,但是您需要将它们纳入日常工作中,以从中获得最大的利益。

您的物理治疗师可能建议在水疗pool. This can help get muscles and joints working better and, because the water is warmer than in a normal swimming pool, it can be very soothing and relaxing. Hydrotherapy is sometimes called aquatic therapy.

如果您的关节很痛苦,在水中游泳和锻炼可能会有所帮助,因为水会减轻身体的重量,从而减轻了膝盖的任何压力,但仍然可以让您继续前进。重要的是要与体重运动(例如步行)之间的平衡,因为这将有助于保持骨骼坚固。

已被证明有多种运动可以帮助治疗膝盖的骨关节炎。您可以在我们的“膝盖”页面练习中尝试一些示例。

运动范围

这些非常适合姿势,并有助于保持关节的灵活性。这些练习可以像伸展一样简单,确保您的关节在一系列位置上移动,这些位置可以舒适地伸展其覆盖范围,并且每次都会稍微进一步伸展。

加强练习

This type of exercise is important to improve the strength of the muscles that control your knee, and to help stabilise and protect the joint. It’s also been shown to reduce pain and can prevent your knee giving way, reducing the risk of falls.

You should try to do strengthening exercises on at least two days a week if you can.

有氧运动

有氧运动是增加脉搏频率并使您呼吸少的任何运动。定期有氧运动可以在许多方面为您提供帮助。这对您的总体健康和福祉有益,可以通过刺激称为内啡肽的疼痛激素的释放来减轻疼痛。它也可以帮助您睡得更好。

不同类型的有氧运动包括骑自行车,游泳和步行。您应该足够努力地呼吸,但仍然可以进行对话。

您应该每周尝试进行2小时30分钟的有氧运动。您可以在一周内将其散布,而无需一口气。

Weight management

超重会增加关节的压力,尤其是膝盖。这使您更有可能患上骨关节炎,并且关节炎会随着时间的流逝而恶化。

减肥,如果您超重可以减轻膝盖骨关节炎的疼痛和其他症状。当您走路,跑步或上下楼梯时,膝盖的力量可能是体重的两到三倍,因此即使减轻少量的重量也会对膝盖的压力产生重大影响。

没有特别的饮食这将有助于骨关节炎,但是如果您需要减肥,则应遵循平衡,减少的饮食,并定期运动。您的医生应该能够为您提供有关饮食和运动的建议,这将有所帮助。

减少膝盖的压力

Apart from keeping an eye on your weight, there are a number of other ways you can减轻膝盖的压力

  • 步调您的活动 - 不要一次解决所有的身体工作。将更艰苦的工作分解成大块,并在两者之间做一些更温和的事情。即使膝盖有些不舒服,也要继续使用膝盖,但是在它变得太痛苦之前将其休息。
  • Wear shoes with thick soles and enough room for your toes. Wearing the right shoes can reduce the shock through your knees as you walk and prevent any changes to your feet.
  • 如果您走路时需要额外的支撑或膝盖,请与您的脚说话物理治疗师,,,,职业治疗师或医生要为鞋子制作鞋垫。
  • 如果需要,请使用手杖,以减轻膝盖疼痛的重量和压力。职业治疗师可以为正确的长度和使用棍棒的最佳方法提供建议。
  • Use a handrail for support when going up or down stairs. Go upstairs one at a time with your good leg first.
  • 考虑更改你家,,,,要么workplace减少不必要的压力。职业治疗师可以为您提供有关特殊设备的建议,这些设备将使您每天更轻松地做事。

Using a heat pack or something similar on a painful knee might help to relieve the pain and stiffness of osteoarthritis. An ice pack can also help but be careful not to put ice or heat packs or hot water bottles directly on your skin – wrap them with a tea towel or cover.

Some people find that knee braces help. You can buy knee braces from sports shops and chemists, but you should speak to your doctor or physiotherapist first, as they might be able to provide braces or recommend the best one for you.

Coping with low mood and sleep problems

You might find that osteoarthritis of the knee makes you feel depressed or anxious. Speak to your doctor if you’re feeling low as they may be able to recommend心理疗法为了帮助您,例如认知行为疗法(CBT)和压力降低技术。

如果您的睡眠因膝盖的骨关节炎而受到干扰,这可能会使您的疼痛变得更糟。但是,您可以为自己做的某些事情可能会有所帮助,例如:

  • Keep a sleep diary to work out if there are any patterns to your sleep problems
  • 常规时间睡觉以使您的身体进入常规
  • 避免在卧室里的电话和其他屏幕,以帮助您在睡觉前放下。

如果您仍然有问题,请与您的医生或职业治疗师谁可以为您提供其他技巧和技巧,称为睡眠卫生

毒品

药物可用于帮助缓解骨关节炎引起的疼痛和僵硬,但它们不会预防或治愈疾病本身。如果保持活跃,减轻膝盖的压力,并在需要的情况下服用毒品,您将获得最佳效果。

您可以尝试的一些药物和治疗方法包括:

  • Painkillers:simple over-the-counter止痛药例如扑热息痛可能会有所帮助,但是您的医生可能会在需要时开出更强大的止痛药。
  • 非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID):一小段课程NSAIDS, 如布洛芬,,,,can help reduce any pain, inflammation and swelling in your knee.
  • 辣椒素霜a pain-relieving cream made from the pepper plant, available on prescription.
  • Steroid injectionsan injection directly into the knee joint, which can help reduce swelling and pain.

如果您要服用上面提到的任何非处方药,请确保您要安全地服用医生或由医生或患者信息的指示。确保对待谁知道您要服用的所有药物,

其他缓解疼痛

如果上面的缓解疼痛方法无济于事,您可能想尝试以下一些:

  • 经牙性电神经刺激(TENS)a small machine that changes the way nerves understand pain by sending tiny electric shocks through pads placed on your skin.
  • Hyaluronic acid injections透明质酸在体内自然发生和helps to lubricate joints. These injections aren’t available on the NHS as they’ve not been proven to be effective, but you may be able to get them privately.
  • Complementary treatments and supplements有些患有骨关节炎的人发现葡萄糖胺chondroitin有帮助,但是您应该在开始服用任何新事物之前与您的医生交谈,因为没有很多研究表明它们有用,并且可能与某些处方药互动。

外科手术

运动,治疗和保持健康的体重通常会改善大多数膝盖骨关节炎患者日常活动的症状,疼痛和能力。但是,如果这些治疗对您不起作用,您可能会受益于膝盖手术。

如果您的疼痛非常严重,或者您遇到问题或移动膝盖,可能会建议手术。

膝盖骨关节炎的最常见手术类型是膝关节置换。许多膝盖替换每年进行,操作可以减轻疼痛并改善膝盖运动。

Surgical techniques are improving all the time and research has shown that up to 8 in 10 knee replacements could as long as 25 years. However, as with all surgery, there are some risks and your surgeon will want to make sure you’re in the best health possible before the operation.

有时,可以使用钥匙孔手术技术从膝盖上洗净骨骼和其他组织的松散碎片。这被称为关节镜灌洗(Arth-Row-Scop-ick-ack-ics lav-arge)或清创术,但除非膝盖锁,否则不建议您使用。